PHONE NUMBER +1 506-871-4421: EMAIL: info@sparklelifestyle. Schedule a complimentary consultation today or call (604) 670-3968. Paige Bellinger, 26, has now shared shocking photos of her ordeal in a. If you received a dental block prior to your treatment, it is recommended to use caution while eating for the first 2-4 hours after treatment until the numbness wears off. • “Empowered by my own definition of beauty. What makes us stand out, is that all cosmetic injections are carried out by highly qualified Cosmetic Doctors at M1 Med Beauty in Melbourne and Sydney that use only premium brand dermal fillers. Lip flips are typically cheaper than lip fillers. Lista, Dr. PROSPERO protocol registration: CRD42018102899. For defining the borders, injections often target the ‘vermilion border,’ the line where the lip color meets the skin. 5 Lip Fillers doctors & clinics in New Brunswick, Canada Ali Husain, MD, FRCSC Certified Plastic Surgeon 10 reviews Real stories: Dr. If it's worth it. Patients in Canada and Europe have enjoyed the efficacy and minimal side effects of Revanesse® for 15 years, and the treatment is now available to Americans in medical aesthetic clinics across the country. Why costs vary. The Lip Filler Reversal Process. Jessica, who lives in Los Angeles, said it has been about a year since she had. 15+ Empire Perks. With the ideal balance of flexibility, support, and a natural feel, you can maintain a full range of expressions. Ballard and our team of nurse. Sparkle Lifestyle & MediSpa / Moncton Botox Specialists. Even. Lip flip for only $199. And we definitely noticed her suddenly plump lips. Plumping glosses like Lip Injection—and the 2000s throwback version DuWop Lip Venom—do their magic (dilating blood vessels in the lips) with a combination of irritants (nothing extreme, just. In fact, your lips will not feel like themselves for a couple days after. Text: (226) 210-9139. The comparison of average perceived successfulness scores of the three conditions for each patient photo is displayed in Fig. Dr. People think fillers look ridiculous because Instagram promotes these models who go to botched doctors for free fillers. Sparkle Lifestyle & MediSpa | 466 followers on LinkedIn. Dermal fillers are approved for specific uses in people aged 22 and older. Lake Mead Blvd Las Vegas, NV 89134 and in the Golden Triangle of Beverly Hills at 435 N. 0. Step 2: hands-on training. Lip Filler Cost. We have a portfolio of HA (hyaluronic acid gel) lip fillers which diminish vertical lip lines, define lip contour, restore subtle volume, enhance your cupid’s bow and lift the down-turned corners of mouth. Austin are among the most experienced facelift surgeons in Ontario, Canada. We saw her transform from an awkward teenager to a grown woman. DermaCure Clinic. You can also reach out online via Price Simulator or contact form. Make us part of that routine. Your healthcare provider injects hyaluronic acid (HA) into any or all parts of your lips to add volume. She completed a Bachelor’s Degree in Nutrition as well as a dietetic internship in Moncton in 2002. Costs by U. , charlottetown, pei 902-894-8332CONNECT WITH OUR cHARLOTTETOWN CLINIC. Revanesse® Lips™+ is a hyaluronic acid-based dermal filler that is now FDA-approved specifically for use in the lips. 15 hours ago · Molly Mae ditched the fillers in 2021, opting for a more natural look. She took the time to thoroughly assess my skin Wendy, Canada, 08 11 23. Notify me when new ads are posted. • “Pout game strong, confidence even stronger. Lip Fillers are a relatively straight-forward procedure. Introduction: The lips and the mouth play an indispensable role in vocalization, mastication and face aesthetics. Hi there! I am Lana, a nurse injector from Ukraine, and I am thrilled to be part of the Sparkle Lifestyle & MediSpa team in Moncton, NB. Pricing varies by location and injector experience. In the lips, it can lend a “flaccid, low-hanging” look. 420 McGill Suite 402, Montreal, H2Y 2G1. A lip injection with dermal filler is a cosmetic procedure in which a soft tissue filler is injected into the lips to add volume, smooth out fine lines, and improve the overall appearance of the lips. It is caused by ‘poorly administered lip filler’, and it is usually poked to let the filler out. After which yearly maintenance treatments will maintain your result. We pride ourselves on being one of the best medical spas in Boca Raton. Filler can be used to subtly give structure to the border of the lip, fill fine lines, create height, or at a basic level, plump the lips—but only in the hands of a trained professional. NYC: 212-831-8333 / NJ: 201-444-4499. Dermal Fillers prices from $100 - Enquire for a fast quote ★ Choose from 12 Dermal Fillers Clinics in New Brunswick, Canada with 5 verified patient reviews. Each DermaEnvy Skincare franchise clinic location is individually owned and operated. 2-Day Neuromodulators and Dermal Filler – Advanced Training course For Nurses. Lip filler is a cosmetic procedure that involves injecting a gel-like substance into your lips to add temporary fullness or aid in hydration. At your initial lip flip consultation, be sure to discuss your most current medications and supplements with your provider since don’t want any part of your regimen interfering with the healing. Does Botox hurt? Botox and injectable fillers such as Restylane and Juvéderm top the list of most popular non-surgical anti-aging treatments in Canada, according to a survey of 2,500 physicians who perform such procedures. "And an. 11 to 2. Restylane, like Juvéderm, is a versatile filler that can treat a wide range of concerns like thin lips for 6-12 months. They contain a synthetic form of hyaluronic acid. We stock - both in clinic and online - a wide variety of professional quality and clinical grade. Susan Elizabeth Skanes Plastic / Cosmetic Surgeon, Physician. There are specific products designed to volumize lips and reduce the look of lines including the following: Belotero Balance: enhances lips and treats moderate-to-severe lip lines. S. Peredo and Dr. 4 Premium Juvéderm Vycross dermal filler syringes. It also permanently changes the overall shape of your lips, increases the fullness in the upper lip, and shows more of your upper teeth when smiling, notes Dr. Note: This treatment is available at all locations. But nonsurgical lip augmentation also has risks. $ 3,820. The consultation will involve a physical examination of your mole and a medical history. Voluminous and noticeable plump. You need to prep—thoughtfully and physically. A post shared by Dr. If you feel a bump, you can gently massage the area, but still refrain from picking and scratching so as to prevent any type of scarring or disruption of the filler. Suite 150, Dieppe NB E1A 6S1. The Price Tag: Between $500 to $2,000 (for short-term fillers like Restylane, Refyne or Vollure, which last three to six months) or $5,000 to $10,000 (for long-term fillers like Calcium. While a lip filler uses a dermal filler naturally plump your lips, a lip flip is a nonsurgical procedure or technique that makes your lips appear fuller by injecting a botulinum toxin, such as Botox, into the corners of your mouth and edges of your lip. Sabrina Guillen Fabi, MD (@sabrina. We use state-of-the-art technology and clinical-grade professionalism to deliver outstanding results, whether it’s Botox injections, laser hair removal, or facials. Belotero Soft: plumps lips and softens fine lines around the mouth. Get the fuller, luscious lips you've always desired. Adds natural fullness to desired areas. : 506-389-8777 This email address is being protected from spambots. Dr. Dietitian. Laboratoires VIVACY presents their STYLAGE ® range for safe and effective aesthetic treatments, made from premium hyaluronic acid gels. We use hyaluronic acid-based fillers for fuller, luscious, natural lips. Mattifying Powder Foundation. From frown lines and crow’s feet to forehead lines, our Botox treatments can address all your aging signs, leaving you with a smoother, wrinkle-free complexion. Dr Tim Pearce is here to take you through the foundations of good injection techniques when treating patients with cosmetic injectables such as soft tissue fillers. Are these lips Ron Burgundy-approved? What does Ron Burgundy have to do with lip fillers, you ask? Nothing but I love Will Ferrell and a great before & after. Our second-floor accommodate three treatments rooms fully. Here is a simple 6 step approach for injecting a soft, pretty lip. We also investigated the types and nature of adverse effects (AEs) of HA application. Juvéderm Ultra XC. Lip filler is available at both Flawless locations with Melanie and Paige. Fillers and injections are two different ways of saying the same thing. The salt in these bodies of water can cause even more swelling, plus it’s going to be very hard to readjust your lips after returning from vacation. At Sparkle Lifestyle & MediSpa, I have the opportunity to combine my expertise in injectables with the latest in. Similar to the bullhorn lip lift, this procedure involves removing a small amount of skin from under the nose to elevate the upper lip and expose more of the red portion. 4421 [email protected] By Gabi Thorne. 3 million views), #lipfillerdissolved (40. Moncton / Dieppe, NB . It’s a quick and temporary procedure (results last six to 12 months) with minimal downtime (save for a bit of swelling and bruising) that can immediately and dramatically improve the smile and the. Christian J Chiasson, Dr. In doing so it awakens your body’s wound healing response which in turn stimulates the production of collagen and elastin, two crucial elements that we stop producing as we age, and that are responsible for keeping the. Best Plastic / Cosmetic Surgeons, Physicians in Moncton, NB. The cost of your lip filler treatment in Boston will be based on the type of lip filler used and the amount of lip filler needed to attain your ideal aesthetic results. Whether it's a balm, gloss, mask, or cream, these over-the-counter products typically contain plumping. Two days after: Two days after your injections, your lips may still be a little swollen, sensitive, and bruised. 871. After I got lip filler not a single person noticed or commented on it. The thinner fillers are usually correlated with a shorter-lasting period on the lips, “whereas some of the thicker ones could last close to a year. During a lip flip procedure, your healthcare provider injects Botox into parts. 3844. The lips and the eyes enhance facial beauty, and they have been highlighted since time immemorial. From laser treatments to cosmetic injections, we provide personalized solutions to enhance your natural beauty. Lista, Dr. Are you a lip filler rookie considering getting injections for the first time? You're not alone. $ 3,050. Fillers hurt more because of the volume and thickness of the product. Avoid blood-thinning medication for several days. . Volbella is an amazing Lip Filler Injection at Sapphire Advanced Aesthetics in Minneapolis, MN. . A handful of variables influence the price of lip injections. Devgan explains the slow-fade of filler with an ice-cube analogy: "The average ice cube may last for 10 minutes out of the freezer, but after five minutes, it's halfway melted," she says. fabi) Strengthening the lip line and perking up the Cupid’s bow should take precedence over pure plumping, Dr. Medicines Included**. The most popular lip fillers in New York City, including injectable dermal fillers like Restylane Kysse, Juvederm Volbella XC, and Juvederm Ultra XC, are often considered the best lip filler options. Directions: Skin Vitality Medical Clinic is located at 125 Lakeshore Rd East in Mississauga, one block west of Hurontario. Lip filler at £95 for 1ml & £75 for 0. Smartlipo buttocks from $4000. In today's Macro Beauty, we follow Lizzy as she prepares to get lip filler injections for the first time. S. Morpheus8 costs $1,200 for a full treatment or $800 for a partial face treatment. . Consequently, Dr. Once the lips are numb, the actual injecting, which consists of the provider using a small, thin needle to inject the filler into various parts of the lips, usually lasts about 5-10 minutes. Lip filler creates this result and combats the outward signs of aging by. Nasolabial folds. Botox Moncton Injections. The injection process for 1/2 syringe of lip filler is similar to that of a full syringe. Most popular lip fillers are made from hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring substance in the body. Apply ice to your lips afterward using an ice pack or an ice cube covered in a thin cloth (so it doesn’t stick to the lip and cause pain). Lips are located at the center of the lower face and, together with the eyes and nose, comprise “the triangle of beauty. Toronto: Approximately $12 per unit (25-30 units on average). The nasolabial folds are the lines that you see coming down between your nose and the corners of your lips, and it's a typical sign of ageing that starts to happen in our thirties. A hyaluronic acid filler can provide increased lip volume and enhanced shape with a quick, 10-minute procedure. Everything starts with a consultation. Receive 1-Year Livestream Plus Membership™ ($3,999 Value) Advanced Courses. He has trained and worked both nationally and internationally in some of the most highly regarded hospitals in North America. Glo Orthodontics. ( Supplied: Faheema. 888. Hartman also notes that more people are opting for an understated and classic lip that aims to restore and hydrate instead of to enlarge and augment. As such these fillers are a great choice for results that look and feel natural. The lip flip hurts less than fillers, just like Botox™ or Dysport™ injections hurt less than filler elsewhere in the face. Moncton Facial Fillers ClinicThe 29-year-old got a filler for the first time five years ago in her top lip, which she felt was too thin. You will receive customized care that offers professional, therapeutic attention that can properly restore beauty and confidence. So if. Each person’s body will absorb at a different rate, but each lip filler does have an approximate time range for absorption by most. At The Plastic Surgery Clinic we perform approximately 30 mini facelift operations per year. 5 from 2 verified reviews. 00. Dr. Learn more about the Revanesse difference and find a provider near you. 5 ml of lip filler injected #lipfillersmoncton #lipinjections #moncton #dysport #botoxinjections #botoxmoncton #prpmoncton #prphair #prpfacial. Lip Enhancement Lip Enhancement Make your lips smoother, more defined and fuller Lip enhancement with dermal fillers or autologous fat transfer can smooth wrinkles, add. 871. Wisam Menesi, MD, FRCSC. Moncton Facial Fillers Clinic. You can think of these as our guide to achieving “your lips, but better. Don’t expose yourself to direct sunlight. Keep one’s cool and carry a lip plumper today! Put on some lip plumper and breathe in the confidence! #breatheinconfidence. Services during courses are limited to the scope of the training and require a $50. Halifax Facial Fillers - 902-445-5155 - Christian Hackshaw MD. Here are some of the average costs for different types of lip fillers: Juvederm hyaluronic acid fillers: between $400 and $700 per syringe. 1. Jayson Dool offers lip fillers, dermal fillers and injectables for patients who wish to add volume and fullness to their lips without undergoing cosmetic surgery. But at $89, this may not be the top choice for thin-lipped types on a budget. Improves skin texture and tone without downtime. 2552 Jean-Talon E, Montreal, Quebec. In case it’s not clear, that is the cost of each treatment. Current Matches Filter Results (713) Filter by. Current Matches Filter Results (261) Filter by Category: Buy & Sell (174) Cars. Results typically last 6-12 months. Lip fillers have enjoyed a surge in popularity over the past few years, but many patients aren’t aware that there are a lot of options on the market, and each has its own best uses. Get enhanced lips with lip filler injections in Raleigh, NC. So, the short answer is that it’s necessary to undergo a dissolving procedure when filler migration (i. Mississauga, ON. Are you a lip filler rookie considering getting injections for the first time? You're not alone. Instagram. com Here are the 8 top-rated lip injection clinics that are most loved by the people of Edmonton, Alberta: SKYN MED SPA & PMU. In the correct, highly-skilled, highly-qualified hands, lips can be enhanced and rejuvenated beautifully and subtly, balancing and harmonising the lips with the face, and ensuring you look great from all angles. So there you have it ! #lipfillers #fillers #fill #fillmylips #moncton #monctonbPart 4: 2 Full Days of Hands-on Practice (over 15 hours) Intensive hands-on training is provided for 2 full days, allowing participants to begin performing Botulinum Toxin and Dermal Filler procedures immediately. 8. In case you are wondering, Lip Fillers Injections in Dubai will cost you around AED 1000 or perhaps more. SCHWARZBURG. Before the treatment, the lips are numbed with a special topical numbing cream. It’s an Investment. You can use these natural substances in topical or supplement forms (although best to consult your doc before trying any homeopathic remedies). That makes this a cost-effective approach to lip enhancement, and with minimal downtime, too. In-Person, Hands-On Training in Aesthetics, Anti-Aging/Functional Medicine, Pain Management Curriculum. Results are instant and natural looking. There are three types of lip fillers that are used to address different concerns:4. A numbing cream may be applied to minimize possible discomfort during treatment. 2011-11-13. 00 deposit ($500. Stay away from tanning beds or saunas for a few weeks. Dr Marcia Hartt Medical Aesthetics. Whether you want to redefine your lips or add a bit of volume, our team has the skills. Lymphatic Drainage Massage. DermaEnvy Skincare. The process can be reversed by injecting an. Lip fillers restore or add volume to your lips. Smartlipo arms from $4000. Upper lip (above the lips) — The area between the nose and lips. Visit Parker Center for lip injections with JUVÉDERM and other dermal fillers in Paramus, New Jersey. Pricing varies by location and injector experience. We use a combination of compressions, stretching, movement and joint manipulation to work the underlying soft tissue. Since results last only for a few months, you will likely invest in lip fillers twice a year. Two birds, one lip pencil. Filler migration is a trending topic on TikTok, but what exactly is it? Migration is when the hyaluronic acid filler used in areas like the lips, for instance, moves from its intended injection. The filler requires injections into the lips to provide shape and volume. So, here we present to you the 4 top-rated Botox clinics that are most loved by the people of Moncton, New Brunswick: Sparkle Lifestyle & MediSpa. Valerie Bourgoin, and Dr. Lips are located at the center of the lower face and, together with the eyes and nose, comprise “the triangle of beauty. Physician. Botox can help alleviate the symptoms of bruxism (teeth grinding), jaw clenching, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. You’ll find us 9418 W. Medicines Included**. Our top-rated clinic is a proud member of / licensed with the following: Canadian Association of Medical Spas and Aesthetic Surgeons, Association of Aesthetic Laser Professionals, Spa & Wellness Association of Canada and are a. Ahmad and Dr. Belotero lip fillers typically last for 6–12 months depending on the formula. Dr. 👄【Buy Revanesse Fillers】 ️Enhance Your Natural Beauty with Quality Revanesse Products Explore our wide range of Revanesse products and expert guidance for a refreshed and radiant look. Josée Bélanger-Plourde is a bilingual Registered Dietitian, part of the Medicalux Team. Lip Fillers. Vycross ® is the #1 chosen filler technology in the world. The botulinum toxin relaxes the muscles around your upper lip, making your lip “flip. Thai Massage 60 min or 90 min ** Moncton location only. Whether you want to smooth out wrinkles, enhance your lips, or contour your face, Revanesse has a product for you. Plump your pout! A partial syringe of filler to hydrate, smooth and plump your lips. I always advise patients to have restful 24 hours post lip filler and not to consume alcohol 48 hours before the treatment and ideally 48. Lip augmentation via hyaluronic acid-based fillers can add volume and/or enhance the shape of the lips to create a pout that best flatters your face. Most fillers typically last between 12 and 18 months. Lip fillers are usually available in syringes of 1 cc (1 mL) each, and most people experience good results with one to two syringes. Hyaluronic acid binds water within the skin helping skin to retain softness, moisture and repair damage. As a result, you can expect to pay about $800 – $1,600 for lip injections and $1,600 –. There is a wide range of lip fillers similar to Juvederm and Restylane formulated to enhance lips, with differing characteristics. ca. This course is a 2-day Botox and dermal filler program available for beginners and those more advanced. Collagen works purely by plumping. 888. If you’ve just had lip fillers injected, here are a few post-treatment instructions to keep in mind:. Lucere Cosmetic & Laser Clinic. Hyaluronic Acid Is an Effective Dermal Filler for Lip Augmentation: A Meta. Austin will listen carefully to your goals and help you determine whether a mini facelift is the right. Our clinic is based in the heart of Moncton and happily serves all of Atlantic Canada. This will help ease swelling, itching, bruising, and. 871. Two birds, one lip pencil. . Updated August 10, 2023. fabi) Strengthening the lip line and perking up the Cupid’s bow should take precedence over pure plumping, Dr. IMAGE COURTESY : PINTEREST. In today's Macro Beauty, we follow Lizzy as she prepares to get lip filler injections for the first time. HA fillers provide temporary enhancements that last from six to twelve months. McInnes is a board-certified plastic surgeon who prides himself in taking the time necessary to understand and treat his patients’ individual needs. Get 5 FREE units! 506. This injected fat restores volume, as well as. Our team of experienced and qualified doctors, Dr. His broad, extensive training allows him to incorporate and blend. This guide covers many aspects of dermal filler injections. While it’s technically science and not magic, the ability of lasers to remove broken capillaries is phenomenal. Rated by Three Best Rated, 2018, 2019, 2020 Top 3 Medi Spa in Moncton. Jindal offers lip augmentation procedure to improve & add lip volume. 1. Our expert injectors specialize in customized results—whether you’re seeking added volume, enhanced lip definition, or increased hydration and smoothness. 10 reviews. Explore Jobs, Services, Pets & more. Answer: Botox/Dysport for upper lip lines. After seeing influencers promoting jaw fillers, anti-wrinkle injections and lip fillers on Instagram and TikTok, she decided to get her lips enhanced, hoping it would fix "a small insecurity" she. There is much to consider, so sit back and he will talk about depth of injection, angles, why it’s good to be grounded, aspirating, and the things that can go wrong if you’re. If you want a more defined Cupid’s bow or seek more symmetry in the curve of your bottom lip, overdrawing your lips like this can provide that as well. Let’s get this potential deal-breaker out of the way: lip injections can cost anywhere from $500 to $2,000, depending on the region you live in and the doctor performing the procedure. 1 - 10 of 14 results. To take the first step toward achieving your ideal look with lip injections, call or text our Houston office today at (713) 799-2278 or contact us online . Request a Consult. T: (506) 382-3665 F: (506) 382-5859. Kylie Jenner Lip Job. Sparkle’s main floor is designed to accommodate our elegant reception and our private home gym. An allergic reaction or infection. Whether you want to smooth out wrinkles, enhance your lips, or contour your face, Revanesse has a product for you. The synthetic lip injectable serves to ‘fill’ the lines. Learn more about the Revanesse difference and find a provider near you. BEST FOR: Subtle enhancements (it has smaller HA molecules) 3. grand senses spa,134 kent st. The filler used in the lips has a low-density molecular formulation to make it soft and stretchy. Sobel adds. 4 Botox doctors & clinics in Moncton, NB. Montreal: $10-$15 per unit (usually 20-25 units). For more information about Dr Geneviève Blackburn Aesthetic Medicine Clinic in Montreal please contact the clinic. Everett Chalmers Regional Hospital. 506. Results for "lip" in All Categories in Moncton Showing 1 - 40 of 261 results. . . This allows the filler to look as natural as possible by mimicking the lip tissue and accommodating. Cosmetic treatment with lip fillers costs $659 on average, according to hundreds of patient reviews on RealSelf. You might need 1-4 injections, with a treatment time of approximately 10 minutes. "Some companies may say that their filler lasts a year," Dr. Seek medical attention as early as possible to prevent any further complications. Belotero Soft: plumps lips and softens fine lines around the mouth. Each of these options uses a gel that mimics a naturally occurring substance in our skin, hyaluronic acid, to provide a smooth, natural look. 2 Carlson Parkway Suite 120 Wayzata, MN 55447. 1ml of filler. 5 mL of hyaluronic acid gel is $200, compared to $400-$600 for Volbella—a traditional filler packaged in 0. Are lip enhancement safe?Having dermal fillers is usually safe if it's done by an experienced and suitably. The marginal mean score for perceived successfulness from simulated upper lip filler was 1. Encore Medical Rejuvenation. Real stories: Dr. King, a lip flip will last about two to three months. Your lip filler treatment is not something painful or to be feared when performed by the experts at The Spiegel Center. Reasons for Lip Augmentation. 4. 1 vial of Restylane Refyne for a plump look. 93 billion by. Posted Thursday, November 16, 2023. Restylane Kysse was designed specifically with movement in mind 1,2. A total of 4257 items were found. Vat No. Lip fillers can help to enhance the lips, giving them a fuller, more defined lip shape. FDA-approved uses of dermal fillers. The issue doesn't seem to be super common, but the exact rate of. The benefit of using hyaluronic acid in lip fillers is that this substance naturally attracts water to where it is placed, so this. Dermal fillers. Dr. RHA Fillers are designed to mimic the natural hyaluronic acid in the skin, adding. The objective of this text is to describe the procedure in detail and cover the practical aspects of injecting lips with fillers. grand senses spa,134 kent st. Some patients may require fewer treatments. Dr. The number of treatments may vary from individual to individual. 33) than the perceived successfulness from simulated upper lip lift ( Fig. One Allure beauty editor accepted the challenge to get lip fillers for the first time on Facebook Live and 55k people tuned in to watch. Christopher Chang. 5. Physician. Common side effects of HA lip fillers include: temporary redness or purplish tone, and swelling of the lips. DLM Edge-of-Dock Levelers mount directly to the dock face and provide a recommended working range of +/-3" and a maximum operating range of +/-5" above or below dock. BEST FOR: A plush, pillowy effect. Answer: Botox/Dysport for upper lip lines. But with a good lip plumper, you don't have to get injections from a specialist to achieve a pouty look—or spend hundreds of dollars, for that matter. Wurzback 210-615-6625. Teosyal. Dermal Fillers prices from $100 - Enquire for a fast quote ★ Choose from 12 Dermal Fillers Clinics in New Brunswick, Canada with 5 verified patient reviews. Valerie Bourgoin, and Dr.